Biology : asked on alissa2151
 28.04.2023

How would you explain this scientific concept or process to someone who has never heard of this before?

. 4

Faq

Biology
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P Answered by Specialist

Take a moment to look at your hands. The bone, skin, and muscle you see are made up of cells. And each of those cells contains many millions of proteins^1  

As a matter of fact, proteins are key molecular "building blocks" for every organism on Earth!

How are these proteins made in a cell? For starters, the instructions for making proteins are "written" in a cell’s DNA in the form of genes. If that idea is new to you, you may want to check out the section on DNA to RNA to protein (central dogma) before getting into the nitty-gritty of building proteins.

Basically, a gene is used to build a protein in a two-step process:

Step 1: transcription! Here, the DNA sequence of a gene is "rewritten" in the form of RNA. In eukaryotes like you and me, the RNA is processed (and often has a few bits snipped out of it) to make the final product, called a messenger RNA or mRNA.

Step 2: translation! In this stage, the mRNA is "decoded" to build a protein (or a chunk/subunit of a protein) that contains a specific series of amino acids. [What exactly is an "amino acid"?]

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from DNA (genes) to mRNA through the process of transcription, and then to proteins through the process of translation.

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from DNA (genes) to mRNA through the process of transcription, and then to proteins through the process of translation.

_Image modified from "Central dogma of molecular biochemistry with enzymes," by Daniel Horspool (CC BY-SA 3.0). The modified image is licensed under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license._

In this article, we'll zoom in on translation, getting an overview of the process and the molecules that carry it out.

The genetic code

During translation, a cell “reads” the information in a messenger RNA (mRNA) and uses it to build a protein. Actually, to be a little more techical, an mRNA doesn’t always encode—provide instructions for—a whole protein. Instead, what we can confidently say is that it always encodes a polypeptide, or chain of amino acids.

[Wait, what is the difference?]

Genetic code table. Each three-letter sequence of mRNA nucleotides corresponds to a specific amino acid, or to a stop codon. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons. AUG is the codon for methionine, and is also the start codon.

Genetic code table. Each three-letter sequence of mRNA nucleotides corresponds to a specific amino acid, or to a stop codon. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons. AUG is the codon for methionine, and is also the start codon.

In an mRNA, the instructions for building a polypeptide are RNA nucleotides (As, Us, Cs, and Gs) read in groups of three. These groups of three are called codons.

There are 616161 codons for amino acids, and each of them is "read" to specify a certain amino acid out of the 202020 commonly found in proteins. One codon, AUG, specifies the amino acid methionine and also acts as a start codon to signal the start of protein construction.

There are three more codons that do not specify amino acids. These stop codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA, tell the cell when a polypeptide is complete. All together, this collection of codon-amino acid relationships is called the genetic code, because it lets cells “decode” an mRNA into a chain of amino acids.

Each mRNA contains a series of codons (nucleotide triplets) that each specifies an amino acid. The correspondence between mRNA codons and amino acids is called the genetic code.

5'

AUG - Methionine

ACG - Threonine

GAG - Glutamate

CUU - Leucine

CGG - Arginine

AGC - Serine

UAG - Stop

3'

To see how cells make proteins, let's divide translation into three stages: initiation (starting off), elongation (adding on to the protein chain), and termination (finishing up).

Getting started: Initiation

Biology
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P Answered by PhD

Answer:

Effective food supply was most likely an effect on society that resulted from improvements in blood handling during World War I and World War II.

Answer:Effective food supply was most likely an effect on society that resulted from improvements in
Biology
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P Answered by PhD

Myths about aging : 

Depression and loneliness are normal in older adults. ...

The older I get, the less sleep I need. ...

Older adults can't learn new things. ...

It is inevitable that older people will get dementia. ...

Older adults should take it easy and avoid exercise so they don't get injured.

Myths about aging : Depression and loneliness are normal in older adults. ...The older I get, t
Biology
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P Answered by PhD

Need this store of protein: 

The seed consists of three components: embryo, endosperm (sometimes perisperm), and seed-coat. Both endosperm and embryo are the products of double fertilization, whereas the seed-coat develops from the maternal, ovular tissues. The seed habit is a significant advancement in the evolution of higher plants.

Anatomy of seed :-

Need this store of protein: The seed consists of three components: embryo, endosperm (sometimesNeed this store of protein: The seed consists of three components: embryo, endosperm (sometimes

Seed storage proteins provide a source of amino acids and reduced N necessary for germination and early growth of the seedling.

Biology
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P Answered by PhD

The maltose molecule can be broken down into two individual glucose molecules with the help of an enzyme produced within a cell.

D).increasing the pH with in the cell.

Explaination:

The maltose molecule can be broken down into two individual glucose molecules with the help of an en
Biology
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P Answered by PhD

B)Phosphorus has a larger atomic mass.

As we move right in the periodic table, both atomic number and atomic mass increases. Magnesium comes under S-block elements (Group 2) and Phosphorus comes under P-block elements (Group-15).

B)Phosphorus has a larger atomic mass.As we move right in the periodic table, both atomic number and
Biology
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P Answered by PhD

The T-chart by categorizing each statement as something that would most likely be relevant to gene flow or genetic drift. Some answers will fit in both columns depending on the situation. is random is a mechanism for evolution is often related to disasters is also called “migration” deals with movement between populations...

The T-chart by categorizing each statement as something that would most likely be relevant to gene fThe T-chart by categorizing each statement as something that would most likely be relevant to gene fThe T-chart by categorizing each statement as something that would most likely be relevant to gene f
Biology
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P Answered by PhD

when soaked in dilute sodium chloride solution onion gain mass because of the process of osmosis.

 Explanation: Osmosis is a process when there is movement of water from the region of comparatively higher concentration to the region of lower concentration across in a permeable membrane.

Example with explaination :

when soaked in dilute sodium chloride solution onion gain mass because of the process of osmosis.&nb

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