I can’t figure how to figure out the mole of c and mole of h

The heat of reaction is -25.3 KJ/mol.

The equation of the reaction is; NaOH + HBr → Na+(aq) + Br-(aq) + H2O(l)

The total mass of solution is 100g

The temperature rise =  83 oC - 22.5 oC = 60.5oC

Specific heat of the solution = 4.184 J/(g oC)

Number of moles = 1 mole

Given that the heat of reaction is calculated from;

ΔH = -(mcθ)/n

m =mass of solution

c = Specific heat of the solution

θ = temperature rise

n = number of moles of solution

ΔH = -(100g × 4.184 J/(g oC) ×  60.5oC)/1 mole

ΔH = -25.3 KJ/mol

Learn more: link

The heat of reaction is -25.3 KJ/mol.

The equation of the reaction is; NaOH + HBr → Na+(aq) + Br-(aq) + H2O(l)

The total mass of solution is 100g

The temperature rise =  83 oC - 22.5 oC = 60.5oC

Specific heat of the solution = 4.184 J/(g oC)

Number of moles = 1 mole

Given that the heat of reaction is calculated from;

ΔH = -(mcθ)/n

m =mass of solution

c = Specific heat of the solution

θ = temperature rise

n = number of moles of solution

ΔH = -(100g × 4.184 J/(g oC) ×  60.5oC)/1 mole

ΔH = -25.3 KJ/mol

Learn more: link

The enthalpy change during the reaction is -56.0 kJ/mole.

Explanation:

Mass of 1 mole of NaOH = 40.0 g

Mass of 1 mole of HBr = 80.9 g

Mass of water = 100 g

Mass of solution ,m = 100 g + 40.0 g + 80.9 g = 220.9 g

First we have to calculate the heat gained by the solution.

where,

m = mass of solution

q = heat gained = ?

c = specific heat =

= final temperature =

= initial temperature =

Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:

 ( J = 0.001 kJ)

Now we have to calculate the enthalpy change during the reaction.

where,

= enthalpy change = ?

q = heat gained = 23.4 kJ

n = number of moles NaOH = 1 mole

Therefore, the enthalpy change during the reaction is -56.0 kJ/mole.

The enthalpy change during the reaction is -56.0 kJ/mole.

Explanation:

Mass of 1 mole of NaOH = 40.0 g

Mass of 1 mole of HBr = 80.9 g

Mass of water = 100 g

Mass of solution ,m = 100 g + 40.0 g + 80.9 g = 220.9 g

First we have to calculate the heat gained by the solution.

where,

m = mass of solution

q = heat gained = ?

c = specific heat =

= final temperature =

= initial temperature =

Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:

 ( J = 0.001 kJ)

Now we have to calculate the enthalpy change during the reaction.

where,

= enthalpy change = ?

q = heat gained = 23.4 kJ

n = number of moles NaOH = 1 mole

Therefore, the enthalpy change during the reaction is -56.0 kJ/mole.

11. D.

12. A.

13. D.

14. B.

15. A.

16. B.

17. B.

18. Refer to the explanation (I highlighted it so you can browse easier)

19. B.

20. C.

Explanation:

11. Codominance is a non-mendelian inheritance pattern. It is when two dominant traits are inherited and both are expressed in the organism. Because both are dominant, a blended expression of the trait results in the off-springs.

12. Look at the cross for this problem below:

XHXh and XHY

      XH        Y

XH XHXH  XHY

Xh XHXh   XhY

The mother is a carrier, so that means she is heterozygous for the trait hemophilia. Look at the sections with XY. We see that a son can inherit the recessive trait and the other does not.

13. The two main stages of the cell cycle would be interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the phase of the cell-cycle where the cell prepares for cell division. It is at interphase where DNA is duplicated and the cell grows. Mitosis is the actual phase where division takes place.

14. The Human Genome Project or HGP is a collaborative research program that aims to determine the COMPLETE sequence of the human DNA and to identify the locations of the genes in the sections of all chromosomes. It also aims to create maps that link inherited traits across generations.

15. Recombination is a genetic process where DNA is broken down and then recombined to poduce different traits in the off-springs. This can be done between different organisms to produce combined traits.

16. From mRNA, the sequence is translated by the tRNA or transfer RNA. The tRNA carry amino acids that code for specific sequences. These amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

17. 3-letter sequences in mRNA code for a specific amino acid. These are collectively known as codons. These codons match up with anti-codons of tRNA which code for specific amino acids.

18. For this problem, you did not provide a Punnet but I can help you out by showing you the different possible crosses because the answer would depend on the cross. Look at the attached image.

If your problem is like CROSS 1 then the answer would be 75 percent would be Purple and 25 percent would be white.

If your problem is like CROSS 2 then the answer would be ALL will be purple.

If your problem is like CROSS 3 or CROSS 4, the answer would be half of the offspring will have purple and half would have white.

19. Cells interact with other cells nearby and throughout the body depending on what needs to be done. Cells can interact with nearby cells directly, or they can do this chemically or through other processes as well, especially when they are far apart.

20. Females receive X chromosomes from both parents. Females have a pair of X chromosomes. Going back to your problem, because the trait is recessive and the mother is only a carrier and the father is not a carrier, the chances of a female off-spring inheriting the trait would be 50%. You can look at the cross below:

XHXh and XHY

      XH        Y

XH XHXH  XHY

Xh XHXh    XhY

As you can see in the cross, one of the daughters did not receive the recessive trait XHXH.

11. D.

12. A.

13. D.

14. B.

15. A.

16. B.

17. B.

18. Refer to the explanation (I highlighted it so you can browse easier)

19. B.

20. C.

Explanation:

11. Codominance is a non-mendelian inheritance pattern. It is when two dominant traits are inherited and both are expressed in the organism. Because both are dominant, a blended expression of the trait results in the off-springs.

12. Look at the cross for this problem below:

XHXh and XHY

      XH        Y

XH XHXH  XHY

Xh XHXh   XhY

The mother is a carrier, so that means she is heterozygous for the trait hemophilia. Look at the sections with XY. We see that a son can inherit the recessive trait and the other does not.

13. The two main stages of the cell cycle would be interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the phase of the cell-cycle where the cell prepares for cell division. It is at interphase where DNA is duplicated and the cell grows. Mitosis is the actual phase where division takes place.

14. The Human Genome Project or HGP is a collaborative research program that aims to determine the COMPLETE sequence of the human DNA and to identify the locations of the genes in the sections of all chromosomes. It also aims to create maps that link inherited traits across generations.

15. Recombination is a genetic process where DNA is broken down and then recombined to poduce different traits in the off-springs. This can be done between different organisms to produce combined traits.

16. From mRNA, the sequence is translated by the tRNA or transfer RNA. The tRNA carry amino acids that code for specific sequences. These amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

17. 3-letter sequences in mRNA code for a specific amino acid. These are collectively known as codons. These codons match up with anti-codons of tRNA which code for specific amino acids.

18. For this problem, you did not provide a Punnet but I can help you out by showing you the different possible crosses because the answer would depend on the cross. Look at the attached image.

If your problem is like CROSS 1 then the answer would be 75 percent would be Purple and 25 percent would be white.

If your problem is like CROSS 2 then the answer would be ALL will be purple.

If your problem is like CROSS 3 or CROSS 4, the answer would be half of the offspring will have purple and half would have white.

19. Cells interact with other cells nearby and throughout the body depending on what needs to be done. Cells can interact with nearby cells directly, or they can do this chemically or through other processes as well, especially when they are far apart.

20. Females receive X chromosomes from both parents. Females have a pair of X chromosomes. Going back to your problem, because the trait is recessive and the mother is only a carrier and the father is not a carrier, the chances of a female off-spring inheriting the trait would be 50%. You can look at the cross below:

XHXh and XHY

      XH        Y

XH XHXH  XHY

Xh XHXh    XhY

As you can see in the cross, one of the daughters did not receive the recessive trait XHXH.

C)[D]/[ED] = 5.20

D)[D]/[ED] = 5.20

E)[D']_T = 1.495* 10 ^-7 M

F)[D'] / [ED']  = 0.0579

Explanation:

E = 250 nM =2.5* 10 ^-7 mol/L , T=298.15 K

Dissociation constant of K_D = 1.3 μM (1.3 *10 ^-6 M)

E + D ⇄ ED → K_a = [ED] / [D][E]   (association constant)

ED ⇄ E + D → K_D = [E][D] / [ED]  (dissociation constant)

C)

[E] =2.5*10^-7 mol/L

K_D = 1.3* 10^-6 M

K_D = [E][D] / [ED] → [D]/[ED] = K_D / [E]

= [D]/[ED] = 1.3* 10 ^-6 / 2.5 *10^-7

= 13/25 * 10

=130/25 = 5.20

[D]/[ED] = 5.20

D)

ΔG =RTln Kd

ΔG_2 for E and D = 1.987 * 298.15 * ln 1.3*10^-6

ΔG_2 592.454 * [ln 1.3 +ln 10^-6]

ΔG_1 = 592.424 [0.2623 - 13.8155]

ΔG_2 = -592.424 * 13.553

ΔG_1 = -8184.633 cal/ mol

ΔG_1 = -8184.633  * 4.18 J/mol = -34244.508 J?mol

ΔG_1 = -34.245 KL/mol

so, ΔG_2 = ΔG_1 - 10.5 KJ/mol

ΔG_2 = -34.245 - 10.5

ΔG_2 = -44.745KJ / mol

ΔG_2 =RT ln K_D

-44.745 *10^3

=8.314 *298.15 lnK_D

lnK_D' = - 44745 / 2478.81 g

ln K_D' = -18.051

K_D' = -18.051

K_D' = e^-18.051

[D]/[ED] = 5.20

E)

[E] = 2.5* 10 ^-7 mol/ L = a

K_D' = [E][D] / [ED']                                  E +D' → ED'

K_D' = a/2(x-(a/2) / (a/2)

KD' = x - a/2

=2.447 *10^-8 = (2.5/2) * 10^-7

x=2.447 * 10^-8 + 1.25 * 10^-7

x = 2.447 *10^-8 + 1.25 * 10 ^-7

x= 10^-7 [1.25 + 0.2447]

x = 1.4947 * 10^-7

[D']_T = 1.495* 10 ^-7 M

F)

K_D' = [E][D'] / [ED']

[D'] / [ED'] = KD' / [E]

[D'] / [ED'] = 1.447 *10^-8 / 2.5* 10^-7

[D'] / [ED'] = 0.5788 * 10^-1

[D'] / [ED']  = 0.0579

C)[D]/[ED] = 5.20

D)[D]/[ED] = 5.20

E)[D']_T = 1.495* 10 ^-7 M

F)[D'] / [ED']  = 0.0579

Explanation:

E = 250 nM =2.5* 10 ^-7 mol/L , T=298.15 K

Dissociation constant of K_D = 1.3 μM (1.3 *10 ^-6 M)

E + D ⇄ ED → K_a = [ED] / [D][E]   (association constant)

ED ⇄ E + D → K_D = [E][D] / [ED]  (dissociation constant)

C)

[E] =2.5*10^-7 mol/L

K_D = 1.3* 10^-6 M

K_D = [E][D] / [ED] → [D]/[ED] = K_D / [E]

= [D]/[ED] = 1.3* 10 ^-6 / 2.5 *10^-7

= 13/25 * 10

=130/25 = 5.20

[D]/[ED] = 5.20

D)

ΔG =RTln Kd

ΔG_2 for E and D = 1.987 * 298.15 * ln 1.3*10^-6

ΔG_2 592.454 * [ln 1.3 +ln 10^-6]

ΔG_1 = 592.424 [0.2623 - 13.8155]

ΔG_2 = -592.424 * 13.553

ΔG_1 = -8184.633 cal/ mol

ΔG_1 = -8184.633  * 4.18 J/mol = -34244.508 J?mol

ΔG_1 = -34.245 KL/mol

so, ΔG_2 = ΔG_1 - 10.5 KJ/mol

ΔG_2 = -34.245 - 10.5

ΔG_2 = -44.745KJ / mol

ΔG_2 =RT ln K_D

-44.745 *10^3

=8.314 *298.15 lnK_D

lnK_D' = - 44745 / 2478.81 g

ln K_D' = -18.051

K_D' = -18.051

K_D' = e^-18.051

[D]/[ED] = 5.20

E)

[E] = 2.5* 10 ^-7 mol/ L = a

K_D' = [E][D] / [ED']                                  E +D' → ED'

K_D' = a/2(x-(a/2) / (a/2)

KD' = x - a/2

=2.447 *10^-8 = (2.5/2) * 10^-7

x=2.447 * 10^-8 + 1.25 * 10^-7

x = 2.447 *10^-8 + 1.25 * 10 ^-7

x= 10^-7 [1.25 + 0.2447]

x = 1.4947 * 10^-7

[D']_T = 1.495* 10 ^-7 M

F)

K_D' = [E][D'] / [ED']

[D'] / [ED'] = KD' / [E]

[D'] / [ED'] = 1.447 *10^-8 / 2.5* 10^-7

[D'] / [ED'] = 0.5788 * 10^-1

[D'] / [ED']  = 0.0579

1. to answer questions about the natural world

The aim of scientific method is to answer a question that the scientist have. To answer the question, the scientist need to design a research or observation. If the research is flawed, the result might not match with the scientist aim and the conclusion will be wrong. Scientific method can be used to help design the research so it will have less flaw

2. fertilizer

The student wants to determine the effect of a certain brand of liquid fertilizer on the growth of ivy. The fertilizer are hoped to influence the growth of the ivy. Independent variable is the variable that hoped to influence the dependent variable. So, the independent variable would be fertilizer.

3. soil; light

Control variable is the variable that could influence the independent variable, but doesn't want to be observed. Control variable should be made same so it wont influence the result.  In this case, the plant use the same amount of soil. The plant also put in front of a same window, so they should get the same amount of sunlight.

4. Humidty

The scientist wants to determine if humidity affects chirping in crickets. The humidity hoped to affects the chirping in crickets. Independent variable is the variable that hoped to influence the dependent variable. So, the humidity is independent variable while the number of chirping is the dependent variable.

5. dependent variable

The scientist is testing the efficiency of various microwaves by measuring the temperature of water. The microwaves is hoped to influence the temperature of the water. So, the temperature would be the dependent variable of the experiment and the microwaves will be the independent variable

6. water; air; soil

Abiotic factor consist of factor that made of non-living things. Water, air and soil is not a living things. Animals like elephant should be clearly living so they are biotic factor. Grass and tree could not move freely like animal and hard to determine if still living or not, but they should be considered as living thing.

7. an alligator submerges itself under water to stay cool in the summer; an alligator suns itself on the shore to raise its body temperature.

If a bird picks food from alligator teeth, it would be interaction of biotic factor with biotic factors. Alligator trying to control their body temperature by sunbath or submerge would be interaction between abiotic factor(sunlight, water) with biotic factor(alligator). Oxygenated water is interaction between abiotic factor(water) with abiotic factor(air/oxygen).

8. strong adhesion

Water has high heat capacity  which makes it temperature hard to changes. It will need more energy/heat to change the temperature of water when compared to air. Adhesion of water makes it could stick to other things while cohesion makes the water stick to itself. The force that cause molecules of water to stick to the sides of a drinking straw would be adhesion.

9. 14

oxygen has atomic number 8 and atomic mass of 14. The atomic number show the amount of proton and electron that the oxygen has while the atomic mass show the sum of proton and neutron. The number of protons and neutrons in stable oxygen would be 14, same as the atomic mass.

10.   protons; neutrons

Protons and neutrons could be found in the nucleus of the atom while the electron is orbiting in the outer layer. The mass of the atom mostly contributed by the protons and neutrons while the electron is too small and their mass is negligible.

11.  ions are atoms with extra electrons or too few electrons; isotopes are atoms with extra neutrons or too few neutrons; isotopes are radioactive

When an atom has less electron it will be called cation while the atom with more electron called anion. Isotopes have different number of neutrons which make some of them become radioactive. Isotope should have the same number of electrons.

12. it has 4 valence electrons, so it can make 4 strong bond with other atoms.

Carbon made most of the organic compound. Carbon can be found in carbohydrate, protein and lipid. It has 4 valence electrons which enable 4 slot of covalent bond with oxygen and hydrogen which allow those 3 molecule to have many type of bonds.

13. Need image to answer

14. The compound has different properties, because the bonds cause structural changes of the elements

Compound will have different properties compared to the element that makes it. Table salt is made of natrium and chlorine atom. The natrium element will explode when exposed to water while natrium chloride is found most in the sea.

15. exothermic

Reaction that produce energy will be called exothermic while reaction that absorb energy called endothermic. If the reaction cause light and explosion, then the reaction should produce energy and called exothermic. The ion or compound should have no relation in this.

1. to answer questions about the natural world

The aim of scientific method is to answer a question that the scientist have. To answer the question, the scientist need to design a research or observation. If the research is flawed, the result might not match with the scientist aim and the conclusion will be wrong. Scientific method can be used to help design the research so it will have less flaw

2. fertilizer

The student wants to determine the effect of a certain brand of liquid fertilizer on the growth of ivy. The fertilizer are hoped to influence the growth of the ivy. Independent variable is the variable that hoped to influence the dependent variable. So, the independent variable would be fertilizer.

3. soil; light

Control variable is the variable that could influence the independent variable, but doesn't want to be observed. Control variable should be made same so it wont influence the result.  In this case, the plant use the same amount of soil. The plant also put in front of a same window, so they should get the same amount of sunlight.

4. Humidty

The scientist wants to determine if humidity affects chirping in crickets. The humidity hoped to affects the chirping in crickets. Independent variable is the variable that hoped to influence the dependent variable. So, the humidity is independent variable while the number of chirping is the dependent variable.

5. dependent variable

The scientist is testing the efficiency of various microwaves by measuring the temperature of water. The microwaves is hoped to influence the temperature of the water. So, the temperature would be the dependent variable of the experiment and the microwaves will be the independent variable

6. water; air; soil

Abiotic factor consist of factor that made of non-living things. Water, air and soil is not a living things. Animals like elephant should be clearly living so they are biotic factor. Grass and tree could not move freely like animal and hard to determine if still living or not, but they should be considered as living thing.

7. an alligator submerges itself under water to stay cool in the summer; an alligator suns itself on the shore to raise its body temperature.

If a bird picks food from alligator teeth, it would be interaction of biotic factor with biotic factors. Alligator trying to control their body temperature by sunbath or submerge would be interaction between abiotic factor(sunlight, water) with biotic factor(alligator). Oxygenated water is interaction between abiotic factor(water) with abiotic factor(air/oxygen).

8. strong adhesion

Water has high heat capacity  which makes it temperature hard to changes. It will need more energy/heat to change the temperature of water when compared to air. Adhesion of water makes it could stick to other things while cohesion makes the water stick to itself. The force that cause molecules of water to stick to the sides of a drinking straw would be adhesion.

9. 14

oxygen has atomic number 8 and atomic mass of 14. The atomic number show the amount of proton and electron that the oxygen has while the atomic mass show the sum of proton and neutron. The number of protons and neutrons in stable oxygen would be 14, same as the atomic mass.

10.   protons; neutrons

Protons and neutrons could be found in the nucleus of the atom while the electron is orbiting in the outer layer. The mass of the atom mostly contributed by the protons and neutrons while the electron is too small and their mass is negligible.

11.  ions are atoms with extra electrons or too few electrons; isotopes are atoms with extra neutrons or too few neutrons; isotopes are radioactive

When an atom has less electron it will be called cation while the atom with more electron called anion. Isotopes have different number of neutrons which make some of them become radioactive. Isotope should have the same number of electrons.

12. it has 4 valence electrons, so it can make 4 strong bond with other atoms.

Carbon made most of the organic compound. Carbon can be found in carbohydrate, protein and lipid. It has 4 valence electrons which enable 4 slot of covalent bond with oxygen and hydrogen which allow those 3 molecule to have many type of bonds.

13. Need image to answer

14. The compound has different properties, because the bonds cause structural changes of the elements

Compound will have different properties compared to the element that makes it. Table salt is made of natrium and chlorine atom. The natrium element will explode when exposed to water while natrium chloride is found most in the sea.

15. exothermic

Reaction that produce energy will be called exothermic while reaction that absorb energy called endothermic. If the reaction cause light and explosion, then the reaction should produce energy and called exothermic. The ion or compound should have no relation in this.