The characteristics mentioned in the question, namely job specialization, advanced cities and technology, and complex social institutions, are all associated with civilizations (Option A).
Civilizations are advanced human societies that have specific characteristics distinguishing them from simpler societies. Let's break down each of the mentioned characteristics to understand why they are associated with civilizations:
1. Job specialization: In civilizations, people tend to specialize in specific roles or professions. This means that individuals focus on developing expertise in a particular field rather than being involved in a wide range of activities. Specialization allows for the efficient distribution of labor, enabling societies to thrive and develop advanced skills in various areas such as agriculture, trade, art, government, and more.
2. Advanced cities and technology: Civilizations are often centered around cities or urban areas with more complex infrastructures than rural communities. Advanced cities have larger populations, well-planned layouts, specialized buildings, and public services like markets, temples, and administrative centers. Technological advancements are also a characteristic of civilizations since they have the resources, knowledge, and labor force to invent, develop, and utilize complex tools, technology, and infrastructure.
3. Complex social institutions: Civilizations have complex social structures and institutions, such as governments, religious systems, legal frameworks, and educational systems. These institutions are created to manage and regulate various aspects of society, including politics, religion, laws, education, and social hierarchy. They provide order, stability, and structure to the civilization, facilitating cooperation and governance.
In summary, job specialization, advanced cities and technology, and complex social institutions are all characteristics of civilizations (Option A). These features are typically found in highly developed societies and contribute to their progress and advancement.