Louis Pasteur’s publication of the Germ Theory was the biggest turning point in medicine in the period c.1700-c.1900.’
How far do you agree?

I agree with this statement to some extent.

In Pasteur's germ theory, he suggested that the spread of microorganisms in the body were what caused disease. This turned out to be true, and would lead to advancements in medicine - specifically in prevention of and treatment of diseases, as physicians and scientists would be able to treat the microorganisms causing the problem.

Not only that, but it also led to Robert Koch isolating the microorganisms that caused multiple diseases that were rampant at the time, including tuberculosis and cholera. Koch's research then led to the research of and creation of more vaccines that put a stop to the massive death rates of these diseases, especially in highly-populated areas which were incredibly vulnerable to these illnesses. ( E.g. London).

However, Pasteur's germ theory was not believed by many people, who still believed in other explanations for disease, such as spontaneous generation. One of these individuals was Henry Bastion, who was a prominent and well-trusted English physician at the time; he openly voiced his disagreement with Pasteur. Due to this, germ theory was not widely believed until later on in this period, which led to many physicians not adapting their diagnosis and treatment around germ theory for a long time until it was widely accepted in the 1890s.

Another reason I disagree is due to the discovery of the smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner. Jenner's vaccine, which was an injection of cowpox (a safe variant of smallpox) was the world's first vaccine. His discovery helped to decrease the death rate of smallpox which, at that time, was a highly deadly and incurable disease.  The smallpox vaccination led to the research of other vaccines and was arguably another big turning point in medicine in 1700 to 1900.

In conclusion, I somewhat agree with Pasteur's germ theory being the biggest point in medicine in the period given, due to it's impact on how we understood disease and it being the foundation of Koch's discoveries, however the opposition to germ theory and Jenner's smallpox vaccination lessen the impact that it had up until the late 1800s at least.

Note:

Hope this is okay, I last did a history question a year ago! :)

Answer: I completely agree with this statement. In the theory of wheat germ, Pasteur postulated that the disease is caused by the spread of microbes inside the body. This turned out to be true, and it would lead to improvements in medicine, especially in the prevention and treatment of diseases.

I agree with this statement to some extent.

In Pasteur's germ theory, he suggested that the spread of microorganisms in the body were what caused disease. This turned out to be true, and would lead to advancements in medicine - specifically in prevention of and treatment of diseases, as physicians and scientists would be able to treat the microorganisms causing the problem.

Not only that, but it also led to Robert Koch isolating the microorganisms that caused multiple diseases that were rampant at the time, including tuberculosis and cholera. Koch's research then led to the research of and creation of more vaccines that put a stop to the massive death rates of these diseases, especially in highly-populated areas which were incredibly vulnerable to these illnesses. ( E.g. London).

However, Pasteur's germ theory was not believed by many people, who still believed in other explanations for disease, such as spontaneous generation. One of these individuals was Henry Bastion, who was a prominent and well-trusted English physician at the time; he openly voiced his disagreement with Pasteur. Due to this, germ theory was not widely believed until later on in this period, which led to many physicians not adapting their diagnosis and treatment around germ theory for a long time until it was widely accepted in the 1890s.

Another reason I disagree is due to the discovery of the smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner. Jenner's vaccine, which was an injection of cowpox (a safe variant of smallpox) was the world's first vaccine. His discovery helped to decrease the death rate of smallpox which, at that time, was a highly deadly and incurable disease.  The smallpox vaccination led to the research of other vaccines and was arguably another big turning point in medicine in 1700 to 1900.

In conclusion, I somewhat agree with Pasteur's germ theory being the biggest point in medicine in the period given, due to it's impact on how we understood disease and it being the foundation of Koch's discoveries, however the opposition to germ theory and Jenner's smallpox vaccination lessen the impact that it had up until the late 1800s at least.

Note:

Hope this is okay, I last did a history question a year ago! :)

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

Unfortunately, you did not include the two maps. Without them, we do not know your specific reference.

However, trying to help you and after doing some deep research, we can say the maps portray the Spanish, British, and Dutch trade maritime routes from 1750 to 1850. The other map shows the many trade routes in 2010 that practically crossed all over the world.

That is why we can answer that one significant reason for changes in the patterns of global economic interactions from circa 1750 to circa 2000, as illustrated by the two maps are the technology and modernization of means of transportation that today include land, air, and sea.

Trade has been the activity that has developed most rapidly all over the world in those years. Today, there are international organizations and free trade agreements that connect the world through trade.

More people on the planet started to require more products from all places and developed nations exploited natural resources and raw materials and produced more and better goods in their industrialized cities that were exported.

see explanation and i got an a btw.

Explanation:

b. The development of diseases in the sixteenth century would support the arguments of the “new generation of historians in the second paragraph because the “new generation of historians” would look at this in relation to european imperialism and see the impact of the european diseases like smallpox that would plague places like modern day united states because of the european immunity, but lack of native immunity.  

c. The “biological competition” contributed to the European imperialism in the Americas by creating a survival of the fittest environment where the europeans brought in diseases like smallpox that had plagued europe generations ago, but infected the native populations and weaken them in both their numbers and their strength, which enabled the Europeans to take control of the new world and develop a dominance while the natives were fighting a disease. This was “biological competition” because the Europeans' immunity was assisting them in fighting the natives' lack thereof.  

1.

In 1574, Akbar the emperor of the Subcontinent ordered his wazir to make a Katab-khana in the palace. This was to discover and reintroduce old texts. Books like Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata were translated into different languages. One of these languages was Persian. After this many different old books both religious and non-religious were translated for the general public to read.

This was done to make different sects and religions stay united. His actions to a certain extent did eliminate disagreements between the people from different religions.

2.

Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak was not the person behind Akbar's policies. It was actually his favorite wife named Mariam-uz-Zamani. She was a Hindu by birth. She was born at the house of Raja Bharmal of Amber. Later, when she grew up she was married to Akber. This marriage had political benefits. Jahangir was her son. She, however, did not play any political role in the Mughal court.  

3.

A) Ethnic divisions hindered the development of land-based empires in the period 1450-1750. For example, the Manchu people in the Qing Dynasty in China sought to preserve their ethnic values while ruling China, which proved to be an obstacle for them to rule the vast majority of Han Chinese.

B) Ethnic divisions also hindered the development of maritime empires in the period 1450-1750. For example, the ethnic division between the French colonists and the Haitian people led to multiple Haitian rebellions and ultimately the Haitian Revolution against France.

C) Many land-based empires and maritime empires institutionalized hierarchical distinctions amongst different ethnic groups, often with the use of slavery. The European colonists, for instance, made African Americans the lowest class in American society by enslaving them. Similarly, Christians under Ottoman rule are recruited as janissaries. In both examples, the ruling class adopted policies that limit the social mobility of the ethnic groups that are alien to themselves.

In general, because of his numerous achievements, Akbar was awarded the epithet "the Great." The majority of Akbar's achievements military-related.         

Explanation:

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