There are 25 different amount of points, but there are 8 in the 8-11 points category. That means that most likely Nate will score 8-11 with a 8/25 chance that he will.
There are 25 different amount of points, but there are 8 in the 8-11 points category. That means that most likely Nate will score 8-11 with a 8/25 chance that he will.
Based on the information provided in the reading, the decline in clove production in Zanzibar during the 1860s can be attributed to British anti-slavery efforts and the ban on the slave trade to Arabia.
According to F. Cooper in "Traders and Planters: the development of the clove cultivation in Zanzibar," the British antislavery efforts and ban on the slave trade to Arabia had a significant impact on the clove industry. Indian merchants, who were the principal financiers of Zanzibarian clove production, were prevented from owning slaves due to their status as British subjects. As a result, about 8,000 slaves were confiscated. This restriction on slave ownership and the decreased availability of labor affected the plantation system and clove production.
Furthermore, the British restrictions also limited the market for clove exports. Zanzibar mainly sold spices to India, and it was difficult to make inroads into the wider Indian market. This placed a real limit on the growth of the clove industry. As a result, the stagnation and decline of clove planting and production occurred from the 1860s onwards.
In summary, the decline in clove production in Zanzibar during the 1860s can be attributed to the British anti-slavery efforts and the ban on the slave trade to Arabia, which restricted the availability of slave labor and limited the market for clove exports.
Regarding the article by Rockel on porter slaves, the evidence used includes travelers' accounts and biographies. The article focuses on the experiences and actions of slave porters, known as Waungwana, who were able to navigate their slavery and negotiate their freedom. Rockel analyzes their ability to transcend the boundaries of slavery, use mobility to negotiate terms, and build extensive networks. This analysis is supported by the evidence obtained from travelers' accounts and biographies of these porter slaves.
According to the reading "Traders and Planters: the development of the clove cultivation in Zanzibar" by F. Cooper, one important reason for the decline in clove production in the 1860s was the British antislavery efforts and ban on the slave trade to Arabia. The impact of this ban was felt when Indians, who were British subjects, were prevented from owning slaves. As a result, about 8,000 slaves were confiscated, and Indian merchants, who were the principal financiers of Zanzibarian clove production, became reluctant to provide capital for land or slaves.
The porter slaves mentioned in the reading were referred to as "Waungwana." These were slaves who worked as professional porters on the coast of East Africa. They were part of an elite group of workers, regarded as skilled and assimilated into Swahili culture. Unlike other porters, such as the Nyamwezi, who were free waged workers and had their own distinct culture, the Waungwana were slaves hired by their owners and received wages. They were mobile and needed to travel long distances, often armed and sometimes allowed to trade on their own account and accumulate wealth, including owning slaves and wives. They had a unique relationship with their owners, who may not have cared much about their well-being as long as they received payment for their labor.
Based on the reading materials provided, F. Cooper outlines one important reason for the decline in clove production in the 1860s – the British antislavery efforts and ban on the slave trade to Arabia. This ban affected the availability of labor, as Indian merchants, who were the principal financiers of Zanzibarian clove production, were prevented from owning slaves. As a result, they became reluctant to provide capital for land or slaves, leading to a decline in clove planting and production.
Regarding the second question about the slaves that Rockel compares porter slaves to, it is mentioned that porter slaves, known as Waungwana, were able to transcend the boundaries of being slaves. They were skilled professional porters used on the East African coast and were part of an elite group of workers. Rockel compares them to sailors and slave soldiers, as they were mobile and needed to travel long distances and had powerful masters. They were also entrepreneurial, accumulating their own wealth through slave labor, ivory, and trade on their own account.
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