11. How has our misguided, or inappropriate, use of antibiotics led to the development of organisms like MRSA and VRSA?

1. use of the wrong antibiotic

2. use of insufficient concentration of the right antibiotic

Explanation:

MRSA means Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

VRSA means Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

These are resistant forms of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus to the antibiotics mentioned.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics occurs when bacteria develop mechanisms that protect them against the effects of previously effective antibiotics.

Misguided and inappropriate use of antibiotics results in resistance, and they mainly occur as a result of two activities:

1. Use of wrong antibiotics: antibiotics are chosen using a microbiological technique called 'sensitivity testing', to determine which antibiotic is effective against a bacterium. However, when antibiotics are taken without proper sensitivity testing, the bacteria develop resistance against such antibiotics.

2. Use of inadequate concentration of the right antibiotic: This involves using less than the minimum inhibitory of minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic against a bacteria. In this case, the organism has ample time to evolve in the presence of the antibiotic, hence the occurrence of resistance.

The Parker probe.

Explaination:

for six years an artificial fertilizer is used on a apple orchard the orchard is next to a stream which empties in to a slat water bay during the last 5 years researchers have observed an increase in algae in the bay they have also sampled fish populations in the bay each year apex...

One parrot species that feeds on large seeds nests is in the same tree as a parakeet that feeds on small seeds, they occupy different niches.

Myths about aging : 

Depression and loneliness are normal in older adults. ...

The older I get, the less sleep I need. ...

Older adults can't learn new things. ...

It is inevitable that older people will get dementia. ...

Older adults should take it easy and avoid exercise so they don't get injured.

Need this store of protein: 

The seed consists of three components: embryo, endosperm (sometimes perisperm), and seed-coat. Both endosperm and embryo are the products of double fertilization, whereas the seed-coat develops from the maternal, ovular tissues. The seed habit is a significant advancement in the evolution of higher plants.

Anatomy of seed :-

Seed storage proteins provide a source of amino acids and reduced N necessary for germination and early growth of the seedling.

The maltose molecule can be broken down into two individual glucose molecules with the help of an enzyme produced within a cell.

D).increasing the pH with in the cell.

Explaination:

Chromosome DNA Diploid EggGamete Haploid Meiosis Replication Sexual Reproduction Sperm..
This is an organism or cell with two sets of chromosomes.
This is a haploid cell with half the reproductive information from the parent.
This is a cell or organism having half of the diploid chromosome number, symbolized by "n".

Fungi are a food source for animals and humans. Fungi produce oxygen to breathe. Fungi destroy rocks and minerals. Fungi are natural recyclers.

when soaked in dilute sodium chloride solution onion gain mass because of the process of osmosis.

 Explanation: Osmosis is a process when there is movement of water from the region of comparatively higher concentration to the region of lower concentration across in a permeable membrane.

Example with explaination :