Answer:
Answer explained in detail below.Step-by-step explanation:
Here are some of the main points that Johns outlines :
• Gatekeeping: Discourse communities may have gatekeepers, or individuals who control access to the community. These gatekeepers may use various criteria, such as educational background or professional experience, to decide who is allowed to join. This can create barriers for individuals who do not meet these criteria.
• Power dynamics: Discourse communities may have power dynamics that can make it difficult for newcomers to gain acceptance or recognition. For example, established members of the community may have more power and influence than newcomers, making it difficult for newcomers to have their ideas or contributions heard.
• Shared knowledge: Discourse communities may have shared knowledge or ways of thinking that are not immediately accessible to outsiders. To join the community, individuals must learn this shared knowledge, which can be time-consuming and challenging.
• Linguistic and cultural barriers: Discourse communities may have specialized language or cultural norms that are not easily understood by outsiders. For example, academic discourse communities may have jargon or specific writing conventions that are unfamiliar to newcomers.
• Conflicting goals and values: Discourse communities may have members with conflicting goals or values, which can create tension and conflict within the community. For example, a community of scientists may have members with different research interests or theoretical orientations, which can lead to disagreements or debates.