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Answer given below:Step-by-step explanation:
Here are five examples of firsthand and secondhand evidence in Nicholas Kristof's essay, "Do You Care More About a Dog Than a Refugee," along with an analysis of how each type of evidence establishes ethos, logos, or pathos:
1) Firsthand evidence: Kristof describes a Syrian refugee family he met in Lebanon who were living in a tent with no heat, electricity, or running water. He notes that the family's "only assets were mattresses, a cooking pot and some clothes" and that the children had not been to school in years.
Analysis: This type of evidence establishes pathos by appealing to the reader's emotions and evoking sympathy for the plight of refugees. Kristof's firsthand experience of meeting the family also adds to his ethos as a credible and knowledgeable source on the topic of refugees.
2) Secondhand evidence: Kristof cites a study showing that Americans donate far more money to animal charities than to organizations that help refugees.
Analysis: This type of evidence establishes logos by appealing to the reader's sense of logic and reason. The statistical evidence makes a logical argument that people care more about animals than refugees. However, the use of the study as evidence also establishes ethos by positioning Kristof as an informed and trustworthy source.
3) Firsthand evidence: Kristof describes a dog that was rescued from a burning building and treated with top-of-the-line medical care, while refugees in nearby camps were left without basic necessities.
Analysis: This type of evidence establishes pathos by appealing to the reader's emotions and evoking feelings of anger and frustration at the unfair treatment of refugees. It also highlights the illogical priorities of society, which can undermine the ethos of those who prioritize animal welfare over human welfare.
4) Secondhand evidence: Kristof cites the UN's estimate that there are currently 65 million displaced people worldwide, the highest number in history.
Analysis: This type of evidence establishes logos by appealing to the reader's sense of logic and reason. The statistic is a powerful illustration of the scope and scale of the refugee crisis, and makes a logical argument that it is a pressing global issue. The use of the UN as a source also adds to Kristof's ethos as a credible and informed commentator.
5) Firsthand evidence: Kristof describes his experience of visiting a Syrian refugee camp in Jordan and meeting families who had fled their homes due to violence.
Analysis: This type of evidence establishes pathos by appealing to the reader's emotions and evoking sympathy for the refugees. It also adds to Kristof's ethos as a credible and knowledgeable source on the topic of refugees, based on his firsthand experience.
Here is how each type of evidence establishes ethos, logos, or pathos:
Ethos: Firsthand evidence establishes Kristof as a credible and knowledgeable source, based on his direct experience with refugees. Secondhand evidence that cites reputable sources, such as the UN, also adds to Kristof's credibility as an informed commentator.
Logos: Secondhand evidence, particularly statistical evidence, appeals to the reader's sense of logic and reason, making a logical argument in support of Kristof's claims.
Pathos: Firsthand evidence, particularly personal stories and experiences, appeals to the reader's emotions, evoking sympathy and empathy for the plight of refugees. It can also highlight the illogical or unfair treatment of refugees, appealing to the reader's sense of justice and morality.
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