is the number of litres gasoline needed correct? and the total cost of gasoline needed in one year ?

In paragraph 11, the author uses the rhetorical strategy of "Logos" to make their point about the popularity and advantages of electric cars.

The author presents factual information and logical reasoning to support their argument. They provide evidence by stating that electric cars didn't have the issues associated with steam or gasoline vehicles, such as being quiet, easy to drive, and free of unpleasant exhaust emissions. They also mention that electric cars quickly became popular with urban residents, especially women, due to their suitability for short trips in the city.

This reliance on facts, statistics, and logical explanations to convey the benefits of electric cars aligns with the rhetorical strategy of "Logos," which appeals to logical reasoning and evidence.

The passage discusses the history of electric cars, their rise and fall in popularity, and the factors that influenced their success. To summarize the passage, we can look for the main ideas discussed in each paragraph:

Paragraph (1) introduces the topic of electric cars and their current rise in popularity, comparing it to their initial popularity.

Paragraphs (2) and (3) discuss the increasing demand for electric vehicles and the exploration of their history.

Paragraph (4) states that the invention of the electric car cannot be attributed to one inventor or country, but rather was a series of breakthroughs in the 1800s.

Paragraph (5) mentions the early innovators in different countries who started experimenting with battery-powered vehicles.

Paragraph (6) introduces William Morrison, an American chemist who created the first successful electric vehicle in the U.S. in the late 19th century.

Paragraph (7) highlights the growing number of electric vehicles in the U.S., with New York City even having a fleet of electric taxis, and their strong sales in the early 1900s.

Paragraph (8) explains the popularity of electric vehicles around 1900 and their competition with other types of vehicles (steam, gasoline).

Paragraph (9) discusses the limitations of steam-powered vehicles and the reasons why steam was not very practical for personal transportation.

Paragraph (10) compares electric vehicles to gasoline-powered vehicles, highlighting the advantages of electric cars over gasoline cars.

Paragraph (11) discusses the popularity of electric cars among urban residents, especially women, due to their ease of use, lack of emissions, and suitability for short trips.

Paragraph (12) mentions various innovators who recognized the demand for electric vehicles and worked to improve the technology, including Ferdinand Porsche, Thomas Edison, and Henry Ford.

Paragraph (13) talks about Henry Ford's Model T, the rise of gasoline-powered cars, and the decline of electric vehicles.

Paragraph (14) explains additional factors that contributed to the decline of electric vehicles, such as improved road systems, cheap gasoline, and the limited availability of electricity in rural areas.

Based on these main ideas, the statement that best summarizes the passage is:

D. The electric car, which has been around for over a century, has waned and grown in popularity at different times in history.

This statement captures the historical context of electric cars, their initial popularity, decline, and recent resurgence in popularity. It also acknowledges the varying factors that influenced their popularity over time.

The correct answer is B. The author connects ideas in paragraphs 9-11 by comparing and contrasting characteristics of each type of car.

In paragraph 9, the author describes steam-powered vehicles and their limitations, such as long startup times and the need for water refills. This is contrasted with the introduction of electric vehicles, which did not have the same practicality issues and quickly became popular.

In paragraph 10, the author introduces gasoline-powered cars and discusses their faults, including the manual effort required to drive, difficulty in changing gears, and the unpleasant exhaust. This is compared with electric cars, which did not have these issues and were described as quiet and easy to drive.

In paragraph 11, the author further emphasizes the advantages of electric cars, stating that they quickly became popular with urban residents, especially women, due to their suitability for short trips and the limited road conditions outside cities. The author also mentions that as more people gained access to electricity, charging electric cars became easier, adding to their popularity.

By comparing the characteristics and advantages of each type of car, the author helps the reader understand why electric cars gained popularity and became a viable option during that time. Therefore, option B, "by comparing and contrasting characteristics of each car," is the correct answer.

The correct answer is C. "…it was Henry Ford's mass-produced Model T that dealt a blow to the electric car." (paragraph 13)

This excerpt suggests that the electric car faced new competition in the early 1900s. The introduction of Henry Ford's Model T, which was a gasoline-powered car that was widely available and affordable, had a significant impact on the electric car market. The Model T made gasoline-powered cars more accessible to the general public, and its low cost compared to electric cars contributed to a decline in the popularity of electric vehicles. This competition from the Model T played a role in the decline of electric cars during that period.

The best summary for the passage is option B: "The electric car, which has been around for over a century, has waned and grown in popularity at different times in history."

Explanation:
This article primarily talks about the history of the electric car, highlighting the peaks and troughs in its popularity over time.

Option A is incorrect because, while the passage does mention steam and gasoline cars, those are not its main focus.

Option C is also incorrect because although the passage mentions different inventors contributing to the creation of the electric car, this is not the main theme of the entire passage.

Option D, meanwhile, only captures a part of the article discussing potential future growth in demand for electric vehicles but does not cover its overall message.

Option B, on the other hand, encapsulates the entire premise of the passage: discussing the electric car's journey through history, its initial popularity, subsequent waning, potential reasons for changes in its popularity, and recent resurgence, making it the best choice.

The author uses the rhetorical strategy of "Logos" in paragraph 11.

"Logos" is a rhetorical strategy that involves the use of logic and reasoning to convince the audience of a certain point. It often includes factual information, logical arguments, and sensible reasoning.

In paragraph 11, the author provides logical reasons why electric cars became popular. The author states that electric cars did not have any issues associated with steam or gasoline, were quiet, easy to drive and didn't emit any smelly pollutants. The author also mentioned that they were perfect for short trips around the city and as electricity became more accessible, charging these cars became easier, adding to their popularity.

These logical and factual arguments aim to convince readers that electric cars were a sensible and popular choice during this time period, hence reflecting the use of the rhetorical strategy of "Logos".

Option A is therefore the correct answer.

The author's descriptions of steam, gas-powered, and electric vehicles in paragraphs 9–11 connect ideas by B. comparing and contrasting characteristics of each car.

In paragraph 9, the author discusses the steam-powered vehicles, highlighting that while they were reliable, they were not very practical for personal transportation because they took a long time to start up and needed to be frequently refilled with water.

In paragraph 10, the author moves on to gasoline-powered cars, which are described as promising but quite challenging to operate, noisy and smelly.

In paragraph 11, the author finally discusses electric cars, pointing out they didn't have the drawbacks of the previously discussed steam or gasoline vehicles. They were quiet, easy to drive, and didn't give off unpleasant exhaust fumes.

In each case, the author is comparing and contrasting the qualities of these types of vehicles, noting their pros and cons. This method of comparison helps to highlight how and why electric vehicles initially became popular and why they might become popular again.

The correct answer is C. "…it was Henry Ford's mass-produced Model T that dealt a blow to the electric car." (paragraph 13)

The statement from paragraph 13 introduces the idea that a new competition, specifically the mass-produced Model T by Henry Ford, had emerged to threaten the popularity and widespread use of the electric car in the early 1900s.

Here is a simple, step-by-step breakdown of why:

1. The phrase "dealt a blow to the electric car" clearly suggests that the introduction of the Model T had a significant negative effect on the prevalence of the electric car.

2. The Model T was a gasoline-powered car and not an electric car, so it stands as competition against electric cars in the market.

3. Since the Model T is mentioned to be "mass-produced," it implies that its production volume and availability were substantially greater, which would have made it a strong competitor against electric cars.

As for the other options, they don't truly hint at the introduction of a new competition against the electric car. Option A mentions a technological innovation, the electric starter, but it doesn't suggest a new competition. Option B talks about the period when electric cars were at their peak, and option D speaks about a shift from the primary mode of transportation being horses, which doesn't imply the introduction of new competition for electric cars.