State the reactions of nucleophile

1. SN1 reactioin

2. SN2 reaction

(these will be explained below)

Explanation:

SN1 reaction (with example)

The hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide with aqueous NaOH solution is an example of an SN1 reaction. The rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of tert butyl bromide but it is independent of the concentration of NaOH. Hence, the rate-determining step only involves tert-butyl bromide.

SN2 reaction (also with example)

The SN2 reaction is a good example of stereospecific reaction, one in which different stereoisomers react to give different stereoisomers of the product. Also, SN2 reaction is the most common example of Walden inversion where an asymmetric carbon atom undergoes inversion of configuration.

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(a) Formation of the carbocation is the rate-determining step (RDS)

(c) Reactions at chiral carbons proceed with inversion of stereochemistry

Explanation:

SN1 reactions arenucleophilic substitution reactions in which the rate determining step is unimolecular.

The formation of a carbocation is the rate determining step. This depends on the electrophilicity of the leaving group. Thus the SN1 reaction mechanisms is dependent on the electrophile and not the nucleophile.

Polar and acidic solvents which can assist in the formation of the carbocation speeds up the rate determining step.

If the formation of carbocation occurs at a chiral center, both retention and inversion of stereochemistry are likely to occur.

Therefore, the correct options are A and C.

The correct answer is B the tertiary halides reacts faster than primary halides.

Explanation:

During SN2 reaction the nucleophile attack the alkyl halide from the opposite side resulting in the formation of transition state in which a bond is not completely broken or a new bond is not completely formed.

   After a certain period of time the nucleophile attach with the substrate by substituting the existing nuclophile.

  An increase in the bulkiness in the alkyl halide the SN2 reaction rate of that alkyl halide decreases.This phenomenon is called steric hindrance.

  So from that point of view the that statement tertiary halides reacts faster that secondary halide is not correct.

The correct answer is B the tertiary halides reacts faster than primary halides.

Explanation:

During SN2 reaction the nucleophile attack the alkyl halide from the opposite side resulting in the formation of transition state in which a bond is not completely broken or a new bond is not completely formed.

   After a certain period of time the nucleophile attach with the substrate by substituting the existing nuclophile.

  An increase in the bulkiness in the alkyl halide the SN2 reaction rate of that alkyl halide decreases.This phenomenon is called steric hindrance.

  So from that point of view the that statement tertiary halides reacts faster that secondary halide is not correct.

D. The N-formyl group on methionine prevents fMet from entering interior positions in a polypeptide.

D. The N-formyl group on methionine prevents fMet from entering interior positions in a polypeptide.

The concentration of reactants have no effect on the rate of reaction.

Explanation:

The strength of the nucleophile doesn't affect the reaction rate of an SN1 since the nuleophile is not involved in the rate determining step. Increasing the concentration of the substrate (which is a reactant) increases the rate of reaction even though increasing the concentration of the nucleopohile has no effect on the rate of reaction. The use of polar protic solvents assist an SN1 reaction hence the solvent used can affect the rate of reaction. However, temperature affects an SN1 reaction. Increasing the temperature will increase the rate of E1 elimination reaction rather than the SN1 reaction since the both are competing reactions. Lowering the temperature favours SN1 reaction. Hence the answer.

B

Explanation:

The appropriate diagram of the question is shown in the first image attached below.

From the diagram, we see the reaction of Cyclopentanol taking place under Tscl pyridine. We are to show the reaction mechanism and determine from the options, which appropriate product fits in.

So, from the reaction, the hydroxyl substituent reacts with Tscl where cl is being lost. This process is followed by an attack of N substituent on the pyridine with the Hydrogen atom and cleaves off for the structure to form a stable structure. The stereochemistry of the compound remains unchanged and it maintains its stick formula.

Thus, X is the appropriate and the correct product.

The concentration of reactants have no effect on the rate of reaction.

Explanation:

The strength of the nucleophile doesn't affect the reaction rate of an SN1 since the nuleophile is not involved in the rate determining step. Increasing the concentration of the substrate (which is a reactant) increases the rate of reaction even though increasing the concentration of the nucleopohile has no effect on the rate of reaction. The use of polar protic solvents assist an SN1 reaction hence the solvent used can affect the rate of reaction. However, temperature affects an SN1 reaction. Increasing the temperature will increase the rate of E1 elimination reaction rather than the SN1 reaction since the both are competing reactions. Lowering the temperature favours SN1 reaction. Hence the answer.

The charged carbon atom of a carbocation has a complete octet of valence shell electrons

Explanation:

A charged carbon atom of a carbocation has a valence shell that is not filled, that's why it acts as an electrophile (or a Lewis base). This unfilled valence shell is also the reason of the nucleophilic attack that takes place during the second step of a SN1 reaction.