An exothermic process releases heat, this causes the temperature of the immediate surroundings to rise. An endothermic process absorbs heat and cools the surroundings.
According to the reading "Traders and Planters: the development of the clove cultivation in Zanzibar" by F. Cooper, one important reason for the decline in clove production in the 1860s was the British antislavery efforts and ban on the slave trade to Arabia. The impact of this ban was felt when Indians, who were British subjects, were prevented from owning slaves. As a result, about 8,000 slaves were confiscated, and Indian merchants, who were the principal financiers of Zanzibarian clove production, became reluctant to provide capital for land or slaves.
The porter slaves mentioned in the reading were referred to as "Waungwana." These were slaves who worked as professional porters on the coast of East Africa. They were part of an elite group of workers, regarded as skilled and assimilated into Swahili culture. Unlike other porters, such as the Nyamwezi, who were free waged workers and had their own distinct culture, the Waungwana were slaves hired by their owners and received wages. They were mobile and needed to travel long distances, often armed and sometimes allowed to trade on their own account and accumulate wealth, including owning slaves and wives. They had a unique relationship with their owners, who may not have cared much about their well-being as long as they received payment for their labor.
Based on the information provided in the reading, F. Cooper identifies one important reason for the decline in clove production in the 1860s. According to Cooper, the decline in clove production was primarily due to the British antislavery efforts and the ban on the slave trade to Arabia. This ban, which came into effect from the 1860s, had a significant impact on the clove industry since Indian merchants, who were the principal financiers of Zanzibarian clove production, were prevented from owning slaves. As a result, these Indian merchants became reluctant to provide capital for land or slaves, leading to a slowdown in clove planting and production.
Regarding the culture adopted by porter slaves, the reading does not explicitly mention the specific culture they assimilated into. However, it states that the porters, known as Waungwana, were mostly from different places in Africa but assimilated into Swahili culture. They were urban, Muslim, and regarded as skilled workers. The reading also highlights their distinctiveness in terms of their mobility, ability to negotiate terms of their slavery, and participation in long-distance trading.
Based on the reading materials provided, F. Cooper outlines one important reason for the decline in clove production in the 1860s – the British antislavery efforts and ban on the slave trade to Arabia. This ban affected the availability of labor, as Indian merchants, who were the principal financiers of Zanzibarian clove production, were prevented from owning slaves. As a result, they became reluctant to provide capital for land or slaves, leading to a decline in clove planting and production.
Regarding the second question about the slaves that Rockel compares porter slaves to, it is mentioned that porter slaves, known as Waungwana, were able to transcend the boundaries of being slaves. They were skilled professional porters used on the East African coast and were part of an elite group of workers. Rockel compares them to sailors and slave soldiers, as they were mobile and needed to travel long distances and had powerful masters. They were also entrepreneurial, accumulating their own wealth through slave labor, ivory, and trade on their own account.
According to F. Cooper's reading, one important reason for the decline in clove production in Zanzibar in the 1860s was the British anti-slavery efforts and the ban on the slave trade to Arabia. This had an impact on the availability of labor for the plantations. Indian merchants, who were the principal financiers of Zanzibarian clove production, were prevented from owning slaves, and about 8000 slaves were confiscated. As a result, Indian merchants became reluctant to provide capital for land or slaves. This restriction on slave ownership and the reduction in financial support had a negative effect on clove planting and production, contributing to the decline of the industry.
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