1. the formula for the slope is
where (a,0) is x1, y1 and (0,2a) is x2, y2. try to see if you can do it now (:
2. take a number x, then step by step do whatever the question asks for example "First, 3 is subtracted from x" so you know the first thing you need to do is x-3, then go on and you'll get an equation which you can use to solve for x, try it!
3. make a set, S, which has multiples of 7. then make a set, T, which has multiples of 13.
now the intersection of S and T is a set having all elements of S, also found in T (basically the numbers that are common to both). try doing it now!
for fourth, this requires a profit formula(that I do not know), must be explained in your book, try going over it, I'm sure you'll find it there!